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2 Nonpharmacologic Treatment Nonpharmacologic treatment options include physical therapy, surgery, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and acupuncture

Inflammation in HIV and its impact on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Wachamo and Gaultier 2025)

Previous study has found that RAS blockers can reduce proteinuria and tubulointerstitial fibrosis not only through their hemodynamic/antihypertensive effects but also through the inhibition of NF-B, MCP1 gene expression, and macrophage infiltration, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory/antifibrotic effects in the STZ-induced diabetic rat model (194)

MMAI models could potentially identify patients with high predicted MDSC signatures who could benefit from MDSC targeted therapies