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Research published in PMC shows that IGF-1 increases muscle protein synthesis through a specific cellular pathway called PI3K/Akt/mTOR

Instead of speeding up surface turnover, it signals fibroblasts in the deeper dermal layer to support collagen and elastin, and it carries copper for the enzymes that help cross-link new collagen

Microglial ferroptosis has been shown to induce neurotoxic astrocytes through pro-inflammatory signaling (such as IL-6 and TNF-), and ferroptosis-related genes including ACSL4 and GPX4 are highly enriched in microglia within HD lesions

Why Bioavailability is Our North Star We talk about bioavailability constantly because it is the single most important factor in whether a supplement provides value

Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Andreas Faissner, Laurent Groc and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work